{"id":406,"date":"2024-11-17T21:28:59","date_gmt":"2024-11-17T18:28:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hindoloji.com\/?post_type=glossary&p=406"},"modified":"2024-11-17T23:00:04","modified_gmt":"2024-11-17T20:00:04","slug":"sanskrit-dili","status":"publish","type":"glossary","link":"https:\/\/hindoloji.com\/index.php\/glossary\/sanskrit-dili\/","title":{"rendered":"Sanskrit Dili"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Sanskrit (\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924,\u00a0sa\u1e43sk\u1e5bta<\/em>), Hint-Avrupa dil ailesine mensup, antik bir Hint dilidir. “D\u00fczenlenmi\u015f”, “ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f” veya “m\u00fckemmel” anlam\u0131na gelen bu isim, Sanskrit\u2019in rit\u00fcel safl\u0131k ve sistematik yap\u0131s\u0131na yap\u0131lan vurguyu yans\u0131t\u0131r. Sanskrit, Vedik d\u00f6nemde kutsal metinlerin dili olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, daha sonra edebi, bilimsel ve felsefi bir dil haline gelmi\u015ftir. Hinduizm, Budizm ve Jainizm gibi dinlerin kutsal ve felsefi metinlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Hint tarihini \u015fekillendiren bir\u00e7ok eser bu dilde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sanskrit’in tarihsel geli\u015fimi, genellikle iki ana d\u00f6nem alt\u0131nda incelenir. Vedik Sanskrit<\/strong> (M.\u00d6. 1500-500), Rigveda (\u090b\u0917\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0926, \u1e5bgveda<\/em>), Yacurveda (\u092f\u091c\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0926, yajurveda<\/em>) ve Atharvaveda (\u0905\u0925\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0947\u0926, atharvaveda<\/em>) gibi metinlerin diliydi. Bu d\u00f6nemde dil, sesbilim ve gramer a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Klasik Sanskrit\u2019ten farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6stermekteydi. Klasik Sanskrit<\/strong> ise P\u0101\u1e47ini\u2019nin (\u092a\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0928\u093f) dilbilgisi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 olan Ash\u1e6d\u0101dhy\u0101y\u012b<\/em> (\u0905\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0940) ile (M.\u00d6. 4. y\u00fczy\u0131l) sistematik hale gelmi\u015ftir ve standart bir yaz\u0131 dili olarak benimsenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dil Yap\u0131s\u0131 ve Gramer<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Sanskrit, zengin bir gramer yap\u0131s\u0131na sahiptir ve \u00e7ekimli bir dil olarak dikkat \u00e7eker. Kelimelerin anlam\u0131n\u0131 ve c\u00fcmledeki i\u015flevini, k\u00f6klere eklenen \u00e7ekim ekleri belirler. Bu dilde \u00fc\u00e7 cinsiyet (eril, di\u015fil, n\u00f6tr), \u00fc\u00e7 say\u0131 (tekil, ikil, \u00e7o\u011ful) ve sekiz h\u00e2l (yal\u0131n, ilgi, y\u00f6nelme, belirtme, \u00e7\u0131kma, bulunma, \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 ve ara\u00e7 h\u00e2lleri) bulunur. \u00d6rne\u011fin:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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  • K\u00f6ken:<\/strong> \u0935\u0943\u0915\u094d\u0937 (v\u1e5bk\u1e63a<\/em>, “a\u011fa\u00e7”)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Yal\u0131n H\u00e2l (tekil):<\/strong> \u0935\u0943\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0903 (v\u1e5bk\u1e63a\u1e25<\/em>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • \u0130lgi H\u00e2li (tekil):<\/strong> \u0935\u0943\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0938\u094d\u092f (v\u1e5bk\u1e63asya<\/em>, “a\u011fac\u0131n”)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Ara\u00e7 H\u00e2li (tekil):<\/strong> \u0935\u0943\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0923 (v\u1e5bk\u1e63e\u1e47a<\/em>, “a\u011fa\u00e7la birlikte”)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    Bu t\u00fcr bir gramer sistemi, dilin matematiksel bir d\u00fczen i\u00e7inde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Panini’nin Ash\u1e6d\u0101dhy\u0101y\u012b<\/em> adl\u0131 eseri, 3.959 gramer kural\u0131yla Sanskrit\u2019i detayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde tan\u0131mlar ve dilbilim tarihinde e\u015fsiz bir yere sahiptir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sanskrit, genellikle Devanagari (\u0926\u0947\u0935\u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0940, devan\u0101gar\u012b<\/em>) alfabesi ile yaz\u0131l\u0131r. Ancak tarih boyunca Brahmi, \u015earada ve di\u011fer Hint alfabeleri de kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Edebiyat ve Felsefe<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    Sanskrit edebiyat\u0131, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en eski edebi geleneklerinden birini olu\u015fturur. Destanlar aras\u0131nda Mahabharata<\/em> (\u092e\u0939\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924, “B\u00fcy\u00fck Bharat”) ve Ramayana<\/em> (\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093e\u092f\u0923, “Rama\u2019n\u0131n Yolculu\u011fu”) \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar. Kalidasa\u2019n\u0131n (\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0938, k\u0101lid\u0101sa<\/em>) yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Shakuntala<\/em> (\u0936\u0915\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0924\u0932\u093e), klasik Sanskrit edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fyap\u0131tlar\u0131ndan biridir. Ayr\u0131ca, Pa\u00f1\u00e7atantra<\/em> (\u092a\u091e\u094d\u091a\u0924\u0928\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930, “Be\u015f \u00d6\u011freti”) gibi eserler, fabl tarz\u0131nda ahlaki hikayeler sunar. Felsefi metinler aras\u0131nda ise Upani\u015fadlar (\u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0937\u0926\u094d, upani\u1e63ad<\/em>) ve Bhagavad Gita (\u092d\u0917\u0935\u0926\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0924\u093e, bhagavad g\u012bt\u0101<\/em>) en bilinen \u00f6rneklerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sanskrit’in Tarihsel ve K\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00d6nemi<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    Sanskrit, sadece bir edebi ve dini dil de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda bilim, matematik ve astronomi gibi alanlarda da etkili olmu\u015ftur. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Aryabhata\u2019n\u0131n (\u0906\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092d\u091f, \u0101ryabha\u1e6da<\/em>) eserleri, Sanskrit matematik metinlerinin \u00f6nemli bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, Sir William Jones, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Sanskrit\u2019in Hint-Avrupa dilleriyle olan ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffetmi\u015f, ancak bu ba\u011flant\u0131n\u0131n bilimsel a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131 Franz Bopp<\/strong> ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Bopp\u2019un kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 dilbilim \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, Sanskrit\u2019in Bat\u0131 dillerine olan etkisini bilimsel bir temele oturtmu\u015ftur (Bopp, 1816).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Sanskrit<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Sanskrit, UNESCO taraf\u0131ndan \u201c\u00f6lmekte olan bir dil\u201d olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Hindistan\u2019da ve d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda akademik, dini ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel alanlarda hala \u00f6nemli bir yere sahiptir. Hindoloji \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n merkezinde yer al\u0131r ve Hindistan Anayasas\u0131\u2019nda Hindistan\u2019\u0131n 22 resmi dilinden biri olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir. Baz\u0131 topluluklar g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015famlar\u0131nda Sanskrit konu\u015fmay\u0131 tercih ederken, akademik alanda dilin yeniden canland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00e7abalar s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Dilin \u0130simlendirilmesinde G\u00f6r\u00fclen Hata \u00dczerine Bir A\u00e7\u0131klama <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bir toplumla \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fle\u015fen diller i\u00e7in -\u00e7e\/-ce\/-ca ekini getirmek (T\u00fcrk – T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, Alman – Almanca, vb.) do\u011fru olsa da Sanskrit olarak an\u0131lan bir toplum olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in dilin Sanskrit veya Sanskrit dili yerine Sanskrit\u00e7e \u015feklinde isimlendirilmesi yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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    Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n